feat:新增纯雷达定位建图配置

docs/humble/chapt10/advanced/2.使用纯雷达定位建图.md

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+# Cartographer纯雷达定位建图
+
+所谓纯雷达建图指不依靠IMU或者里程计信息，只使用雷达的深度点云进行建图，但我们的机器人在摩擦力较小容易打滑的地面或者没有里程计信息的机器人上，只使用激光雷达进行定位和建图往往可以取得较好的效果。
+
+前一段时间小鱼发的手持雷达建图视频，采用的就是纯雷达的SLAM,比较小鱼是人肉底盘，没办法提供里程计信息。
+
+从里程计+雷达SLAM，切换成纯雷达SLAM只需要修改Cartographer的参数即可。
+
+
+新建配置文件 `src/fishbot_cartographer/config/fishbot_laser_2d.lua`，新建launch文件：`src/fishbot_cartographer/launch/cartographer_pure_laser.launch.py`
+
+
+配置文件
+```lua
+
+include "map_builder.lua"
+include "trajectory_builder.lua"
+
+options = {
+  map_builder = MAP_BUILDER,
+  trajectory_builder = TRAJECTORY_BUILDER,
+  map_frame = "map",
+  --  跟踪和发布的frame都改成雷达的frameID
+  tracking_frame = "laser_frame",
+  published_frame = "laser_frame",
+  odom_frame = "odom",
+  -- true改为false，不用提供里程计数据
+  provide_odom_frame = true,
+  -- false改为true，仅发布2D位资
+  publish_frame_projected_to_2d = false,
+  use_pose_extrapolator = true,
+  -- true改为false，不使用里程计数据
+  use_odometry = false,
+  use_nav_sat = false,
+  use_landmarks = false,
+  -- 0改为1,使用一个雷达
+  num_laser_scans = 1,
+  -- 1改为0，不使用多波雷达
+  num_multi_echo_laser_scans = 0,
+  -- 10改为1，1/1=1等于不分割
+  num_subdivisions_per_laser_scan = 1,
+  num_point_clouds = 0,
+  lookup_transform_timeout_sec = 0.2,
+  submap_publish_period_sec = 0.3,
+  pose_publish_period_sec = 5e-3,
+  trajectory_publish_period_sec = 30e-3,
+  rangefinder_sampling_ratio = 1.,
+  odometry_sampling_ratio = 1.,
+  fixed_frame_pose_sampling_ratio = 1.,
+  imu_sampling_ratio = 1.,
+  landmarks_sampling_ratio = 1.,
+}
+
+
+-- false改为true，启动2D SLAM
+MAP_BUILDER.use_trajectory_builder_2d = true
+
+-- 0改成0.10,比机器人半径小的都忽略
+TRAJECTORY_BUILDER_2D.min_range = 0.10
+-- 30改成3.5,限制在雷达最大扫描范围内，越小一般越精确些
+TRAJECTORY_BUILDER_2D.max_range = 5.5
+-- 5改成3,传感器数据超出有效范围最大值
+TRAJECTORY_BUILDER_2D.missing_data_ray_length = 3.
+-- true改成false,不使用IMU数据，大家可以开启，然后对比下效果
+TRAJECTORY_BUILDER_2D.use_imu_data = false
+-- false改成true,使用实时回环检测来进行前端的扫描匹配
+TRAJECTORY_BUILDER_2D.use_online_correlative_scan_matching = true 
+-- 1.0改成0.1,提高对运动的敏感度
+-- TRAJECTORY_BUILDER_2D.motion_filter.max_angle_radians = math.rad(0.1)
+
+-- 0.55改成0.65,Fast csm的最低分数，高于此分数才进行优化。
+POSE_GRAPH.constraint_builder.min_score = 0.65
+--0.6改成0.7,全局定位最小分数，低于此分数则认为目前全局定位不准确
+POSE_GRAPH.constraint_builder.global_localization_min_score = 0.7
+
+TRAJECTORY_BUILDER_2D.real_time_correlative_scan_matcher.linear_search_window = 0.1
+TRAJECTORY_BUILDER_2D.real_time_correlative_scan_matcher.translation_delta_cost_weight = 10.
+TRAJECTORY_BUILDER_2D.real_time_correlative_scan_matcher.rotation_delta_cost_weight = 1e-1
+
+POSE_GRAPH.optimization_problem.huber_scale = 1e2
+POSE_GRAPH.optimize_every_n_nodes = 35
+
+-- 设置0可关闭全局SLAM
+-- POSE_GRAPH.optimize_every_n_nodes = 0
+
+return options
+```
+
+
+
+launch文件
+
+接着我们新加一个launch文件，修改参数文件的名称，保存编译即可进行测试。
+
+```python
+import os
+from launch import LaunchDescription
+from launch.substitutions import LaunchConfiguration
+from launch_ros.actions import Node
+from launch_ros.substitutions import FindPackageShare
+
+
+def generate_launch_description():
+    # 定位到功能包的地址
+    pkg_share = FindPackageShare(package='fishbot_cartographer').find('fishbot_cartographer')
+    
+    #=====================运行节点需要的配置=======================================================================
+    # 是否使用仿真时间，我们用gazebo，这里设置成true
+    use_sim_time = LaunchConfiguration('use_sim_time', default='false')
+    # 地图的分辨率
+    resolution = LaunchConfiguration('resolution', default='0.05')
+    # 地图的发布周期
+    publish_period_sec = LaunchConfiguration('publish_period_sec', default='1.0')
+    # 配置文件夹路径
+    configuration_directory = LaunchConfiguration('configuration_directory',default= os.path.join(pkg_share, 'config') )
+    # 配置文件
+    configuration_basename = LaunchConfiguration('configuration_basename', default='fishbot_laser_2d.lua')
+
+    
+    #=====================声明三个节点，cartographer/occupancy_grid_node/rviz_node=================================
+    cartographer_node = Node(
+        package='cartographer_ros',
+        executable='cartographer_node',
+        name='cartographer_node',
+        output='screen',
+        parameters=[{'use_sim_time': use_sim_time}],
+        arguments=['-configuration_directory', configuration_directory,
+                   '-configuration_basename', configuration_basename])
+
+    cartographer_occupancy_grid_node = Node(
+        package='cartographer_ros',
+        executable='cartographer_occupancy_grid_node',
+        name='cartographer_occupancy_grid_node',
+        output='screen',
+        parameters=[{'use_sim_time': use_sim_time}],
+        arguments=['-resolution', resolution, '-publish_period_sec', publish_period_sec])
+
+    rviz_node = Node(
+        package='rviz2',
+        executable='rviz2',
+        name='rviz2',
+        # arguments=['-d', rviz_config_dir],
+        parameters=[{'use_sim_time': use_sim_time}],
+        output='screen')
+
+    #===============================================定义启动文件========================================================
+    ld = LaunchDescription()
+    ld.add_action(cartographer_node)
+    ld.add_action(cartographer_occupancy_grid_node)
+    ld.add_action(rviz_node)
+
+    return ld
+```
+
+