educational equality educational fairness:
  - chinese education:
    - educational attainment years of schooling
    - student-teacher ratio
    - educational quality
    - literacy
    - enrollment rate; educational access
    - low-income family
    - high-income family
    - urban residents;
    - rural residents
    - household registration system (hukou)
    - tuition fee/ school fees
    - arbitrary fees
    - education quality 
    - urban-rural education divide
    - educational system
    - public school
    - private school
    - budget allocation
    - educational investment
    - infrastructure
    - administration 
    - examination ranking
    - evaluation 
    - key schools
    - average schools
    - Hope Primary School
    - educational resource
  - Shanghai:
    - educational attainment years of schooling
    - student-teacher ratio
    - educational quality
    - literacy
    - enrollment rate; educational access
    - low-income family
    - high-income family
    - urban residents;
    - rural residents
    - household registration system (hukou)
    - tuition fee/ school fees
    - arbitrary fees
    - education quality 
    - urban-rural education divide
    - educational system
    - public school
    - private school
    - budget allocation
    - educational investment
    - infrastructure
    - administration 
    - examination ranking
    - evaluation 
    - key schools
    - average schools
    - Hope Primary School
    - educational resource
  - London:
    - educational attainment years of schooling
    - student-teacher ratio
    - educational quality
    - literacy
    - enrollment rate; educational access
    - low-income family
    - high-income family
    - urban residents;
    - rural residents
    - household registration system (hukou)
    - tuition fee/ school fees
    - arbitrary fees
    - education quality 
    - urban-rural education divide
    - educational system
    - public school
    - private school
    - budget allocation
    - educational investment
    - infrastructure
    - administration 
    - examination ranking
    - evaluation 
    - key schools
    - average schools
    - Hope Primary School
    - educational resource
  - Paris:
    - educational attainment years of schooling
    - student-teacher ratio
    - educational quality
    - literacy
    - enrollment rate; educational access
    - low-income family
    - high-income family
    - urban residents;
    - rural residents
    - household registration system (hukou)
    - tuition fee/ school fees
    - arbitrary fees
    - education quality 
    - urban-rural education divide
    - educational system
    - public school
    - private school
    - budget allocation
    - educational investment
    - infrastructure
    - administration 
    - examination ranking
    - evaluation 
    - key schools
    - average schools
    - Hope Primary School
    - educational resource
  - Singapore:
    - educational attainment years of schooling
    - student-teacher ratio
    - educational quality
    - literacy
    - enrollment rate; educational access
    - low-income family
    - high-income family
    - urban residents;
    - rural residents
    - household registration system (hukou)
    - tuition fee/ school fees
    - arbitrary fees
    - education quality 
    - urban-rural education divide
    - educational system
    - public school
    - private school
    - budget allocation
    - educational investment
    - infrastructure
    - administration 
    - examination ranking
    - evaluation 
    - key schools
    - average schools
    - Hope Primary School
    - educational resource
  - Tokyo:
    - educational attainment years of schooling
    - student-teacher ratio
    - educational quality
    - literacy
    - enrollment rate; educational access
    - low-income family
    - high-income family
    - urban residents;
    - rural residents
    - household registration system (hukou)
    - tuition fee/ school fees
    - arbitrary fees
    - education quality 
    - urban-rural education divide
    - educational system
    - public school
    - private school
    - budget allocation
    - educational investment
    - infrastructure
    - administration 
    - examination ranking
    - evaluation 
    - key schools
    - average schools
    - Hope Primary School
    - educational resource
  - Hong Kong:
    - educational attainment years of schooling
    - student-teacher ratio
    - educational quality
    - literacy
    - enrollment rate; educational access
    - low-income family
    - high-income family
    - urban residents;
    - rural residents
    - household registration system (hukou)
    - tuition fee/ school fees
    - arbitrary fees
    - education quality 
    - urban-rural education divide
    - educational system
    - public school
    - private school
    - budget allocation
    - educational investment
    - infrastructure
    - administration 
    - examination ranking
    - evaluation 
    - key schools
    - average schools
    - Hope Primary School
    - educational resource
  - New York:
    - educational attainment years of schooling
    - student-teacher ratio
    - educational quality
    - literacy
    - enrollment rate; educational access
    - low-income family
    - high-income family
    - urban residents;
    - rural residents
    - household registration system (hukou)
    - tuition fee/ school fees
    - arbitrary fees
    - education quality 
    - urban-rural education divide
    - educational system
    - public school
    - private school
    - budget allocation
    - educational investment
    - infrastructure
    - administration 
    - examination ranking
    - evaluation 
    - key schools
    - average schools
    - Hope Primary School
    - educational resource
goal of education:
  - chinese education:
    - socialism 
    - communism
    - nation
    - development
    - economy
    - elite
    - Confucianism
    - technology
    - gap
    - student
    - curriculum
    - goal/ objective
    - cultivate
    - employment
    - schooling
    - degree/ diploma/ qualification/ credential 
    - collectivism
    - individualism
  - Shanghai:
    - socialism 
    - communism
    - nation
    - development
    - economy
    - elite
    - Confucianism
    - technology
    - gap
    - student
    - curriculum
    - goal/ objective
    - cultivate
    - employment
    - schooling
    - degree/ diploma/ qualification/ credential 
    - collectivism
    - individualism
  - London:
    - socialism 
    - communism
    - nation
    - development
    - economy
    - elite
    - Confucianism
    - technology
    - gap
    - student
    - curriculum
    - goal/ objective
    - cultivate
    - employment
    - schooling
    - degree/ diploma/ qualification/ credential 
    - collectivism
    - individualism
  - Paris:
    - socialism 
    - communism
    - nation
    - development
    - economy
    - elite
    - Confucianism
    - technology
    - gap
    - student
    - curriculum
    - goal/ objective
    - cultivate
    - employment
    - schooling
    - degree/ diploma/ qualification/ credential 
    - collectivism
    - individualism
  - Singapore:
    - socialism 
    - communism
    - nation
    - development
    - economy
    - elite
    - Confucianism
    - technology
    - gap
    - student
    - curriculum
    - goal/ objective
    - cultivate
    - employment
    - schooling
    - degree/ diploma/ qualification/ credential 
    - collectivism
    - individualism
  - Tokyo:
    - socialism 
    - communism
    - nation
    - development
    - economy
    - elite
    - Confucianism
    - technology
    - gap
    - student
    - curriculum
    - goal/ objective
    - cultivate
    - employment
    - schooling
    - degree/ diploma/ qualification/ credential 
    - collectivism
    - individualism
  - Hong Kong:
    - socialism 
    - communism
    - nation
    - development
    - economy
    - elite
    - Confucianism
    - technology
    - gap
    - student
    - curriculum
    - goal/ objective
    - cultivate
    - employment
    - schooling
    - degree/ diploma/ qualification/ credential 
    - collectivism
    - individualism
  - New York:
    - socialism 
    - communism
    - nation
    - development
    - economy
    - elite
    - Confucianism
    - technology
    - gap
    - student
    - curriculum
    - goal/ objective
    - cultivate
    - employment
    - schooling
    - degree/ diploma/ qualification/ credential 
    - collectivism
    - individualism
economy:
  - chinese education:
    - development gap
    - affluent areas
    - (less) developed regions
    - instruction materials
    - school facilities
    - length of schooling
    - economic development
    - quality of life
    - education index (EI) 
    - human development index (HDI)
    - urbanization
    - employment opportunities
    - higher wages
    - rural migrants/ migrant laborers
    - population density
    - economic resources
  - Shanghai:
    - development gap
    - affluent areas
    - (less) developed regions
    - instruction materials
    - school facilities
    - length of schooling
    - economic development
    - quality of life
    - education index (EI) 
    - human development index (HDI)
    - urbanization
    - employment opportunities
    - higher wages
    - rural migrants/ migrant laborers
    - population density
    - economic resources
  - London:
    - development gap
    - affluent areas
    - (less) developed regions
    - instruction materials
    - school facilities
    - length of schooling
    - economic development
    - quality of life
    - education index (EI) 
    - human development index (HDI)
    - urbanization
    - employment opportunities
    - higher wages
    - rural migrants/ migrant laborers
    - population density
    - economic resources
  - Paris:
    - development gap
    - affluent areas
    - (less) developed regions
    - instruction materials
    - school facilities
    - length of schooling
    - economic development
    - quality of life
    - education index (EI) 
    - human development index (HDI)
    - urbanization
    - employment opportunities
    - higher wages
    - rural migrants/ migrant laborers
    - population density
    - economic resources
  - Singapore:
    - development gap
    - affluent areas
    - (less) developed regions
    - instruction materials
    - school facilities
    - length of schooling
    - economic development
    - quality of life
    - education index (EI) 
    - human development index (HDI)
    - urbanization
    - employment opportunities
    - higher wages
    - rural migrants/ migrant laborers
    - population density
    - economic resources
  - Tokyo:
    - development gap
    - affluent areas
    - (less) developed regions
    - instruction materials
    - school facilities
    - length of schooling
    - economic development
    - quality of life
    - education index (EI) 
    - human development index (HDI)
    - urbanization
    - employment opportunities
    - higher wages
    - rural migrants/ migrant laborers
    - population density
    - economic resources
  - Hong Kong:
    - development gap
    - affluent areas
    - (less) developed regions
    - instruction materials
    - school facilities
    - length of schooling
    - economic development
    - quality of life
    - education index (EI) 
    - human development index (HDI)
    - urbanization
    - employment opportunities
    - higher wages
    - rural migrants/ migrant laborers
    - population density
    - economic resources
  - New York:
    - development gap
    - affluent areas
    - (less) developed regions
    - instruction materials
    - school facilities
    - length of schooling
    - economic development
    - quality of life
    - education index (EI) 
    - human development index (HDI)
    - urbanization
    - employment opportunities
    - higher wages
    - rural migrants/ migrant laborers
    - population density
    - economic resources
educational reform:
  - chinese education:
    - educational policy
    - expansion of access
    - promotion of quality education
    - quality improvement
    - new education needs and trends
    - five-year plan/ five-year guidelines
    - school-age population
    - scale expansion
    - standards
    - strategies
    - evaluation/ assessment
    - exam
  - Shanghai:
    - educational policy
    - expansion of access
    - promotion of quality education
    - quality improvement
    - new education needs and trends
    - five-year plan/ five-year guidelines
    - school-age population
    - scale expansion
    - standards
    - strategies
    - evaluation/ assessment
    - exam
  - London:
    - educational policy
    - expansion of access
    - promotion of quality education
    - quality improvement
    - new education needs and trends
    - five-year plan/ five-year guidelines
    - school-age population
    - scale expansion
    - standards
    - strategies
    - evaluation/ assessment
    - exam
  - Paris:
    - educational policy
    - expansion of access
    - promotion of quality education
    - quality improvement
    - new education needs and trends
    - five-year plan/ five-year guidelines
    - school-age population
    - scale expansion
    - standards
    - strategies
    - evaluation/ assessment
    - exam
  - Singapore:
    - educational policy
    - expansion of access
    - promotion of quality education
    - quality improvement
    - new education needs and trends
    - five-year plan/ five-year guidelines
    - school-age population
    - scale expansion
    - standards
    - strategies
    - evaluation/ assessment
    - exam
  - Tokyo:
    - educational policy
    - expansion of access
    - promotion of quality education
    - quality improvement
    - new education needs and trends
    - five-year plan/ five-year guidelines
    - school-age population
    - scale expansion
    - standards
    - strategies
    - evaluation/ assessment
    - exam
  - Hong Kong:
    - educational policy
    - expansion of access
    - promotion of quality education
    - quality improvement
    - new education needs and trends
    - five-year plan/ five-year guidelines
    - school-age population
    - scale expansion
    - standards
    - strategies
    - evaluation/ assessment
    - exam
  - New York:
    - educational policy
    - expansion of access
    - promotion of quality education
    - quality improvement
    - new education needs and trends
    - five-year plan/ five-year guidelines
    - school-age population
    - scale expansion
    - standards
    - strategies
    - evaluation/ assessment
    - exam
Description of Chinese students:
  - chinese education:
    - creativity
    - character
    - imagination
    - passive-learning/ rote-learning
    - learning style
    - examination-oriented study mode
    - burden of students
    - self-confidence
    - exam-oriented
    - competition
    - academic performance
    - self-development
    - independent learning
    - critical thinking 
    - study time
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - homework
    - ability/ strength 
    - weakness
    - parents’ expectation
    - pressure
    - mental health
    - peer relation
    - hardworking
  - Shanghai:
    - creativity
    - character
    - imagination
    - passive-learning/ rote-learning
    - learning style
    - examination-oriented study mode
    - burden of students
    - self-confidence
    - exam-oriented
    - competition
    - academic performance
    - self-development
    - independent learning
    - critical thinking 
    - study time
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - homework
    - ability/ strength 
    - weakness
    - parents’ expectation
    - pressure
    - mental health
    - peer relation
    - hardworking
  - London:
    - creativity
    - character
    - imagination
    - passive-learning/ rote-learning
    - learning style
    - examination-oriented study mode
    - burden of students
    - self-confidence
    - exam-oriented
    - competition
    - academic performance
    - self-development
    - independent learning
    - critical thinking 
    - study time
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - homework
    - ability/ strength 
    - weakness
    - parents’ expectation
    - pressure
    - mental health
    - peer relation
    - hardworking
  - Paris:
    - creativity
    - character
    - imagination
    - passive-learning/ rote-learning
    - learning style
    - examination-oriented study mode
    - burden of students
    - self-confidence
    - exam-oriented
    - competition
    - academic performance
    - self-development
    - independent learning
    - critical thinking 
    - study time
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - homework
    - ability/ strength 
    - weakness
    - parents’ expectation
    - pressure
    - mental health
    - peer relation
    - hardworking
  - Singapore:
    - creativity
    - character
    - imagination
    - passive-learning/ rote-learning
    - learning style
    - examination-oriented study mode
    - burden of students
    - self-confidence
    - exam-oriented
    - competition
    - academic performance
    - self-development
    - independent learning
    - critical thinking 
    - study time
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - homework
    - ability/ strength 
    - weakness
    - parents’ expectation
    - pressure
    - mental health
    - peer relation
    - hardworking
  - Tokyo:
    - creativity
    - character
    - imagination
    - passive-learning/ rote-learning
    - learning style
    - examination-oriented study mode
    - burden of students
    - self-confidence
    - exam-oriented
    - competition
    - academic performance
    - self-development
    - independent learning
    - critical thinking 
    - study time
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - homework
    - ability/ strength 
    - weakness
    - parents’ expectation
    - pressure
    - mental health
    - peer relation
    - hardworking
  - Hong Kong:
    - creativity
    - character
    - imagination
    - passive-learning/ rote-learning
    - learning style
    - examination-oriented study mode
    - burden of students
    - self-confidence
    - exam-oriented
    - competition
    - academic performance
    - self-development
    - independent learning
    - critical thinking 
    - study time
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - homework
    - ability/ strength 
    - weakness
    - parents’ expectation
    - pressure
    - mental health
    - peer relation
    - hardworking
  - New York:
    - creativity
    - character
    - imagination
    - passive-learning/ rote-learning
    - learning style
    - examination-oriented study mode
    - burden of students
    - self-confidence
    - exam-oriented
    - competition
    - academic performance
    - self-development
    - independent learning
    - critical thinking 
    - study time
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - homework
    - ability/ strength 
    - weakness
    - parents’ expectation
    - pressure
    - mental health
    - peer relation
    - hardworking
Teacher:
  - chinese education:
    - number
    - student-teacher ratio
    - educational background
    - age
    - salary/ compensation
    - city/ urban 
    - countryside/ rural
    - mobility 
    - evaluation/ perception
    - pressure
    - transform
    - development
  - Shanghai:
    - number
    - student-teacher ratio
    - educational background
    - age
    - salary/ compensation
    - city/ urban 
    - countryside/ rural
    - mobility 
    - evaluation/ perception
    - pressure
    - transform
    - development
  - London:
    - number
    - student-teacher ratio
    - educational background
    - age
    - salary/ compensation
    - city/ urban 
    - countryside/ rural
    - mobility 
    - evaluation/ perception
    - pressure
    - transform
    - development
  - Paris:
    - number
    - student-teacher ratio
    - educational background
    - age
    - salary/ compensation
    - city/ urban 
    - countryside/ rural
    - mobility 
    - evaluation/ perception
    - pressure
    - transform
    - development
  - Singapore:
    - number
    - student-teacher ratio
    - educational background
    - age
    - salary/ compensation
    - city/ urban 
    - countryside/ rural
    - mobility 
    - evaluation/ perception
    - pressure
    - transform
    - development
  - Tokyo:
    - number
    - student-teacher ratio
    - educational background
    - age
    - salary/ compensation
    - city/ urban 
    - countryside/ rural
    - mobility 
    - evaluation/ perception
    - pressure
    - transform
    - development
  - Hong Kong:
    - number
    - student-teacher ratio
    - educational background
    - age
    - salary/ compensation
    - city/ urban 
    - countryside/ rural
    - mobility 
    - evaluation/ perception
    - pressure
    - transform
    - development
  - New York:
    - number
    - student-teacher ratio
    - educational background
    - age
    - salary/ compensation
    - city/ urban 
    - countryside/ rural
    - mobility 
    - evaluation/ perception
    - pressure
    - transform
    - development
Curriculum:
  - chinese education:
    - school-based curriculum
    - STEM
    - art
    - humanity/ social studies
    - culture 
    - tradition
    - internationalization
    - content
    - object/ goal
    - design/ provision
    - evaluate
    - principle
    - uniformity
    - diversity
    - flexibility
    - structure
    - ability
    - basic knowledge
  - Shanghai:
    - school-based curriculum
    - STEM
    - art
    - humanity/ social studies
    - culture 
    - tradition
    - internationalization
    - content
    - object/ goal
    - design/ provision
    - evaluate
    - principle
    - uniformity
    - diversity
    - flexibility
    - structure
    - ability
    - basic knowledge
  - London:
    - school-based curriculum
    - STEM
    - art
    - humanity/ social studies
    - culture 
    - tradition
    - internationalization
    - content
    - object/ goal
    - design/ provision
    - evaluate
    - principle
    - uniformity
    - diversity
    - flexibility
    - structure
    - ability
    - basic knowledge
  - Paris:
    - school-based curriculum
    - STEM
    - art
    - humanity/ social studies
    - culture 
    - tradition
    - internationalization
    - content
    - object/ goal
    - design/ provision
    - evaluate
    - principle
    - uniformity
    - diversity
    - flexibility
    - structure
    - ability
    - basic knowledge
  - Singapore:
    - school-based curriculum
    - STEM
    - art
    - humanity/ social studies
    - culture 
    - tradition
    - internationalization
    - content
    - object/ goal
    - design/ provision
    - evaluate
    - principle
    - uniformity
    - diversity
    - flexibility
    - structure
    - ability
    - basic knowledge
  - Tokyo:
    - school-based curriculum
    - STEM
    - art
    - humanity/ social studies
    - culture 
    - tradition
    - internationalization
    - content
    - object/ goal
    - design/ provision
    - evaluate
    - principle
    - uniformity
    - diversity
    - flexibility
    - structure
    - ability
    - basic knowledge
  - Hong Kong:
    - school-based curriculum
    - STEM
    - art
    - humanity/ social studies
    - culture 
    - tradition
    - internationalization
    - content
    - object/ goal
    - design/ provision
    - evaluate
    - principle
    - uniformity
    - diversity
    - flexibility
    - structure
    - ability
    - basic knowledge
  - New York:
    - school-based curriculum
    - STEM
    - art
    - humanity/ social studies
    - culture 
    - tradition
    - internationalization
    - content
    - object/ goal
    - design/ provision
    - evaluate
    - principle
    - uniformity
    - diversity
    - flexibility
    - structure
    - ability
    - basic knowledge
Quality:
  - chinese education:
    - exam results
    - enrolment rate
    - evaluation indicator
    - educational objectives
    - evaluation system
    - value orientation
    - condition
    - quality of teachers
    - development
    - curriculum
    - teachers' development
    - school management
  - Shanghai:
    - exam results
    - enrolment rate
    - evaluation indicator
    - educational objectives
    - evaluation system
    - value orientation
    - condition
    - quality of teachers
    - development
    - curriculum
    - teachers' development
    - school management
  - London:
    - exam results
    - enrolment rate
    - evaluation indicator
    - educational objectives
    - evaluation system
    - value orientation
    - condition
    - quality of teachers
    - development
    - curriculum
    - teachers' development
    - school management
  - Paris:
    - exam results
    - enrolment rate
    - evaluation indicator
    - educational objectives
    - evaluation system
    - value orientation
    - condition
    - quality of teachers
    - development
    - curriculum
    - teachers' development
    - school management
  - Singapore:
    - exam results
    - enrolment rate
    - evaluation indicator
    - educational objectives
    - evaluation system
    - value orientation
    - condition
    - quality of teachers
    - development
    - curriculum
    - teachers' development
    - school management
  - Tokyo:
    - exam results
    - enrolment rate
    - evaluation indicator
    - educational objectives
    - evaluation system
    - value orientation
    - condition
    - quality of teachers
    - development
    - curriculum
    - teachers' development
    - school management
  - Hong Kong:
    - exam results
    - enrolment rate
    - evaluation indicator
    - educational objectives
    - evaluation system
    - value orientation
    - condition
    - quality of teachers
    - development
    - curriculum
    - teachers' development
    - school management
  - New York:
    - exam results
    - enrolment rate
    - evaluation indicator
    - educational objectives
    - evaluation system
    - value orientation
    - condition
    - quality of teachers
    - development
    - curriculum
    - teachers' development
    - school management
Teaching:
  - chinese education:
    - teacher centered
    - students centered
    - structure of teachers 
    - teachers
    - key teachers 
    - class hour/ period
    - textbook
    - teaching facilities
    - teaching methods
    - teaching site
    - tutoring 
    - second classroom
    - homework/ assignment
  - Shanghai:
    - teacher centered
    - students centered
    - structure of teachers 
    - teachers
    - key teachers 
    - class hour/ period
    - textbook
    - teaching facilities
    - teaching methods
    - teaching site
    - tutoring 
    - second classroom
    - homework/ assignment
  - London:
    - teacher centered
    - students centered
    - structure of teachers 
    - teachers
    - key teachers 
    - class hour/ period
    - textbook
    - teaching facilities
    - teaching methods
    - teaching site
    - tutoring 
    - second classroom
    - homework/ assignment
  - Paris:
    - teacher centered
    - students centered
    - structure of teachers 
    - teachers
    - key teachers 
    - class hour/ period
    - textbook
    - teaching facilities
    - teaching methods
    - teaching site
    - tutoring 
    - second classroom
    - homework/ assignment
  - Singapore:
    - teacher centered
    - students centered
    - structure of teachers 
    - teachers
    - key teachers 
    - class hour/ period
    - textbook
    - teaching facilities
    - teaching methods
    - teaching site
    - tutoring 
    - second classroom
    - homework/ assignment
  - Tokyo:
    - teacher centered
    - students centered
    - structure of teachers 
    - teachers
    - key teachers 
    - class hour/ period
    - textbook
    - teaching facilities
    - teaching methods
    - teaching site
    - tutoring 
    - second classroom
    - homework/ assignment
  - Hong Kong:
    - teacher centered
    - students centered
    - structure of teachers 
    - teachers
    - key teachers 
    - class hour/ period
    - textbook
    - teaching facilities
    - teaching methods
    - teaching site
    - tutoring 
    - second classroom
    - homework/ assignment
  - New York:
    - teacher centered
    - students centered
    - structure of teachers 
    - teachers
    - key teachers 
    - class hour/ period
    - textbook
    - teaching facilities
    - teaching methods
    - teaching site
    - tutoring 
    - second classroom
    - homework/ assignment
preschool education:
  - chinese education:
    - public school
    - private school
    - kindergartens
    - safety
    - student health
    - education/ teaching quality
    - school conditions (buildings and facilities)
    - disciplinary knowledge
    - teacher
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - homework
  - Shanghai:
    - public school
    - private school
    - kindergartens
    - safety
    - student health
    - education/ teaching quality
    - school conditions (buildings and facilities)
    - disciplinary knowledge
    - teacher
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - homework
  - London:
    - public school
    - private school
    - kindergartens
    - safety
    - student health
    - education/ teaching quality
    - school conditions (buildings and facilities)
    - disciplinary knowledge
    - teacher
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - homework
  - Paris:
    - public school
    - private school
    - kindergartens
    - safety
    - student health
    - education/ teaching quality
    - school conditions (buildings and facilities)
    - disciplinary knowledge
    - teacher
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - homework
  - Singapore:
    - public school
    - private school
    - kindergartens
    - safety
    - student health
    - education/ teaching quality
    - school conditions (buildings and facilities)
    - disciplinary knowledge
    - teacher
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - homework
  - Tokyo:
    - public school
    - private school
    - kindergartens
    - safety
    - student health
    - education/ teaching quality
    - school conditions (buildings and facilities)
    - disciplinary knowledge
    - teacher
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - homework
  - Hong Kong:
    - public school
    - private school
    - kindergartens
    - safety
    - student health
    - education/ teaching quality
    - school conditions (buildings and facilities)
    - disciplinary knowledge
    - teacher
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - homework
  - New York:
    - public school
    - private school
    - kindergartens
    - safety
    - student health
    - education/ teaching quality
    - school conditions (buildings and facilities)
    - disciplinary knowledge
    - teacher
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - homework
Compulsory education:
  - chinese education:
    - curriculum
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - pedagogy
    - teaching
    - teaching study group
    - elementary education
    - secondary education
    - teacher training
    - teachers/ instructors
    - area of residence
    - public school
    - private school
    - Zhongkao
    - learning 
    - textbook
    - moral education
    - neighbourhood attendance policy.
    - school district housing
    - inclusive education
    - educational equity
    - school bullying
    - teacher-student relationship
    - education for all-around development
    - exam-oriented education
    - homework
  - Shanghai:
    - curriculum
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - pedagogy
    - teaching
    - teaching study group
    - elementary education
    - secondary education
    - teacher training
    - teachers/ instructors
    - area of residence
    - public school
    - private school
    - Zhongkao
    - learning 
    - textbook
    - moral education
    - neighbourhood attendance policy.
    - school district housing
    - inclusive education
    - educational equity
    - school bullying
    - teacher-student relationship
    - education for all-around development
    - exam-oriented education
    - homework
  - London:
    - curriculum
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - pedagogy
    - teaching
    - teaching study group
    - elementary education
    - secondary education
    - teacher training
    - teachers/ instructors
    - area of residence
    - public school
    - private school
    - Zhongkao
    - learning 
    - textbook
    - moral education
    - neighbourhood attendance policy.
    - school district housing
    - inclusive education
    - educational equity
    - school bullying
    - teacher-student relationship
    - education for all-around development
    - exam-oriented education
    - homework
  - Paris:
    - curriculum
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - pedagogy
    - teaching
    - teaching study group
    - elementary education
    - secondary education
    - teacher training
    - teachers/ instructors
    - area of residence
    - public school
    - private school
    - Zhongkao
    - learning 
    - textbook
    - moral education
    - neighbourhood attendance policy.
    - school district housing
    - inclusive education
    - educational equity
    - school bullying
    - teacher-student relationship
    - education for all-around development
    - exam-oriented education
    - homework
  - Singapore:
    - curriculum
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - pedagogy
    - teaching
    - teaching study group
    - elementary education
    - secondary education
    - teacher training
    - teachers/ instructors
    - area of residence
    - public school
    - private school
    - Zhongkao
    - learning 
    - textbook
    - moral education
    - neighbourhood attendance policy.
    - school district housing
    - inclusive education
    - educational equity
    - school bullying
    - teacher-student relationship
    - education for all-around development
    - exam-oriented education
    - homework
  - Tokyo:
    - curriculum
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - pedagogy
    - teaching
    - teaching study group
    - elementary education
    - secondary education
    - teacher training
    - teachers/ instructors
    - area of residence
    - public school
    - private school
    - Zhongkao
    - learning 
    - textbook
    - moral education
    - neighbourhood attendance policy.
    - school district housing
    - inclusive education
    - educational equity
    - school bullying
    - teacher-student relationship
    - education for all-around development
    - exam-oriented education
    - homework
  - Hong Kong:
    - curriculum
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - pedagogy
    - teaching
    - teaching study group
    - elementary education
    - secondary education
    - teacher training
    - teachers/ instructors
    - area of residence
    - public school
    - private school
    - Zhongkao
    - learning 
    - textbook
    - moral education
    - neighbourhood attendance policy.
    - school district housing
    - inclusive education
    - educational equity
    - school bullying
    - teacher-student relationship
    - education for all-around development
    - exam-oriented education
    - homework
  - New York:
    - curriculum
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - pedagogy
    - teaching
    - teaching study group
    - elementary education
    - secondary education
    - teacher training
    - teachers/ instructors
    - area of residence
    - public school
    - private school
    - Zhongkao
    - learning 
    - textbook
    - moral education
    - neighbourhood attendance policy.
    - school district housing
    - inclusive education
    - educational equity
    - school bullying
    - teacher-student relationship
    - education for all-around development
    - exam-oriented education
    - homework
Secondary education:
  - chinese education:
    - junior secondary school
    - senior secondary school
    - curriculum
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - teacher training
    - teachers/ instructors
    - area of residence
    - public school
    - private school
    - Zhongkao
    - Teaching 
    - Learning 
    - teaching credentials
    - digital teaching
    - Gaokao/ National College Entrance Examination
    - pressure
    - burden
    - mental health
  - Shanghai:
    - junior secondary school
    - senior secondary school
    - curriculum
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - teacher training
    - teachers/ instructors
    - area of residence
    - public school
    - private school
    - Zhongkao
    - Teaching 
    - Learning 
    - teaching credentials
    - digital teaching
    - Gaokao/ National College Entrance Examination
    - pressure
    - burden
    - mental health
  - London:
    - junior secondary school
    - senior secondary school
    - curriculum
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - teacher training
    - teachers/ instructors
    - area of residence
    - public school
    - private school
    - Zhongkao
    - Teaching 
    - Learning 
    - teaching credentials
    - digital teaching
    - Gaokao/ National College Entrance Examination
    - pressure
    - burden
    - mental health
  - Paris:
    - junior secondary school
    - senior secondary school
    - curriculum
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - teacher training
    - teachers/ instructors
    - area of residence
    - public school
    - private school
    - Zhongkao
    - Teaching 
    - Learning 
    - teaching credentials
    - digital teaching
    - Gaokao/ National College Entrance Examination
    - pressure
    - burden
    - mental health
  - Singapore:
    - junior secondary school
    - senior secondary school
    - curriculum
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - teacher training
    - teachers/ instructors
    - area of residence
    - public school
    - private school
    - Zhongkao
    - Teaching 
    - Learning 
    - teaching credentials
    - digital teaching
    - Gaokao/ National College Entrance Examination
    - pressure
    - burden
    - mental health
  - Tokyo:
    - junior secondary school
    - senior secondary school
    - curriculum
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - teacher training
    - teachers/ instructors
    - area of residence
    - public school
    - private school
    - Zhongkao
    - Teaching 
    - Learning 
    - teaching credentials
    - digital teaching
    - Gaokao/ National College Entrance Examination
    - pressure
    - burden
    - mental health
  - Hong Kong:
    - junior secondary school
    - senior secondary school
    - curriculum
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - teacher training
    - teachers/ instructors
    - area of residence
    - public school
    - private school
    - Zhongkao
    - Teaching 
    - Learning 
    - teaching credentials
    - digital teaching
    - Gaokao/ National College Entrance Examination
    - pressure
    - burden
    - mental health
  - New York:
    - junior secondary school
    - senior secondary school
    - curriculum
    - cram school/ tutoring session
    - teacher training
    - teachers/ instructors
    - area of residence
    - public school
    - private school
    - Zhongkao
    - Teaching 
    - Learning 
    - teaching credentials
    - digital teaching
    - Gaokao/ National College Entrance Examination
    - pressure
    - burden
    - mental health
Higher education:
  - chinese education:
    - university/universities
    - country’s competitiveness
    - tertiary education
    - innovation
    - government expenditures
    - 211 project
    - 985 project
    - Double First Class University Plan
    - massification of higher education
    - expand enrollment
    - research standards
    - talents 
    - admission rate/ enrollment rates
    - Gaokao/ National College Entrance Examination
    - tier
    - cutoff gaokao scores (fenshuxian)
    - university quotas
    - international mobility
    - bachelor’s degree
    - master’s degree
    - doctoral degree
    - autonomy
    - national development and modernisation
    - education financing
    - financial aid for students 
    - student loan
    - university specific examinations
    - independent selection
    - Strong Base Plan
    - internationalization
  - Shanghai:
    - university/universities
    - country’s competitiveness
    - tertiary education
    - innovation
    - government expenditures
    - 211 project
    - 985 project
    - Double First Class University Plan
    - massification of higher education
    - expand enrollment
    - research standards
    - talents 
    - admission rate/ enrollment rates
    - Gaokao/ National College Entrance Examination
    - tier
    - cutoff gaokao scores (fenshuxian)
    - university quotas
    - international mobility
    - bachelor’s degree
    - master’s degree
    - doctoral degree
    - autonomy
    - national development and modernisation
    - education financing
    - financial aid for students 
    - student loan
    - university specific examinations
    - independent selection
    - Strong Base Plan
    - internationalization
  - London:
    - university/universities
    - country’s competitiveness
    - tertiary education
    - innovation
    - government expenditures
    - 211 project
    - 985 project
    - Double First Class University Plan
    - massification of higher education
    - expand enrollment
    - research standards
    - talents 
    - admission rate/ enrollment rates
    - Gaokao/ National College Entrance Examination
    - tier
    - cutoff gaokao scores (fenshuxian)
    - university quotas
    - international mobility
    - bachelor’s degree
    - master’s degree
    - doctoral degree
    - autonomy
    - national development and modernisation
    - education financing
    - financial aid for students 
    - student loan
    - university specific examinations
    - independent selection
    - Strong Base Plan
    - internationalization
  - Paris:
    - university/universities
    - country’s competitiveness
    - tertiary education
    - innovation
    - government expenditures
    - 211 project
    - 985 project
    - Double First Class University Plan
    - massification of higher education
    - expand enrollment
    - research standards
    - talents 
    - admission rate/ enrollment rates
    - Gaokao/ National College Entrance Examination
    - tier
    - cutoff gaokao scores (fenshuxian)
    - university quotas
    - international mobility
    - bachelor’s degree
    - master’s degree
    - doctoral degree
    - autonomy
    - national development and modernisation
    - education financing
    - financial aid for students 
    - student loan
    - university specific examinations
    - independent selection
    - Strong Base Plan
    - internationalization
  - Singapore:
    - university/universities
    - country’s competitiveness
    - tertiary education
    - innovation
    - government expenditures
    - 211 project
    - 985 project
    - Double First Class University Plan
    - massification of higher education
    - expand enrollment
    - research standards
    - talents 
    - admission rate/ enrollment rates
    - Gaokao/ National College Entrance Examination
    - tier
    - cutoff gaokao scores (fenshuxian)
    - university quotas
    - international mobility
    - bachelor’s degree
    - master’s degree
    - doctoral degree
    - autonomy
    - national development and modernisation
    - education financing
    - financial aid for students 
    - student loan
    - university specific examinations
    - independent selection
    - Strong Base Plan
    - internationalization
  - Tokyo:
    - university/universities
    - country’s competitiveness
    - tertiary education
    - innovation
    - government expenditures
    - 211 project
    - 985 project
    - Double First Class University Plan
    - massification of higher education
    - expand enrollment
    - research standards
    - talents 
    - admission rate/ enrollment rates
    - Gaokao/ National College Entrance Examination
    - tier
    - cutoff gaokao scores (fenshuxian)
    - university quotas
    - international mobility
    - bachelor’s degree
    - master’s degree
    - doctoral degree
    - autonomy
    - national development and modernisation
    - education financing
    - financial aid for students 
    - student loan
    - university specific examinations
    - independent selection
    - Strong Base Plan
    - internationalization
  - Hong Kong:
    - university/universities
    - country’s competitiveness
    - tertiary education
    - innovation
    - government expenditures
    - 211 project
    - 985 project
    - Double First Class University Plan
    - massification of higher education
    - expand enrollment
    - research standards
    - talents 
    - admission rate/ enrollment rates
    - Gaokao/ National College Entrance Examination
    - tier
    - cutoff gaokao scores (fenshuxian)
    - university quotas
    - international mobility
    - bachelor’s degree
    - master’s degree
    - doctoral degree
    - autonomy
    - national development and modernisation
    - education financing
    - financial aid for students 
    - student loan
    - university specific examinations
    - independent selection
    - Strong Base Plan
    - internationalization
  - New York:
    - university/universities
    - country’s competitiveness
    - tertiary education
    - innovation
    - government expenditures
    - 211 project
    - 985 project
    - Double First Class University Plan
    - massification of higher education
    - expand enrollment
    - research standards
    - talents 
    - admission rate/ enrollment rates
    - Gaokao/ National College Entrance Examination
    - tier
    - cutoff gaokao scores (fenshuxian)
    - university quotas
    - international mobility
    - bachelor’s degree
    - master’s degree
    - doctoral degree
    - autonomy
    - national development and modernisation
    - education financing
    - financial aid for students 
    - student loan
    - university specific examinations
    - independent selection
    - Strong Base Plan
    - internationalization
Vocational education:
  - chinese education:
    - technical training 
    - technical education
    - technical training institutes
    - education financing
    - Gaokao eliminated/ failure
    - educational standard
  - Shanghai:
    - technical training 
    - technical education
    - technical training institutes
    - education financing
    - Gaokao eliminated/ failure
    - educational standard
  - London:
    - technical training 
    - technical education
    - technical training institutes
    - education financing
    - Gaokao eliminated/ failure
    - educational standard
  - Paris:
    - technical training 
    - technical education
    - technical training institutes
    - education financing
    - Gaokao eliminated/ failure
    - educational standard
  - Singapore:
    - technical training 
    - technical education
    - technical training institutes
    - education financing
    - Gaokao eliminated/ failure
    - educational standard
  - Tokyo:
    - technical training 
    - technical education
    - technical training institutes
    - education financing
    - Gaokao eliminated/ failure
    - educational standard
  - Hong Kong:
    - technical training 
    - technical education
    - technical training institutes
    - education financing
    - Gaokao eliminated/ failure
    - educational standard
  - New York:
    - technical training 
    - technical education
    - technical training institutes
    - education financing
    - Gaokao eliminated/ failure
    - educational standard
Adult education:
  - chinese education:
    - community colleges
    - distant learning 
    - lifelong learning
    - open education
    - citizenship education
  - Shanghai:
    - community colleges
    - distant learning 
    - lifelong learning
    - open education
    - citizenship education
  - London:
    - community colleges
    - distant learning 
    - lifelong learning
    - open education
    - citizenship education
  - Paris:
    - community colleges
    - distant learning 
    - lifelong learning
    - open education
    - citizenship education
  - Singapore:
    - community colleges
    - distant learning 
    - lifelong learning
    - open education
    - citizenship education
  - Tokyo:
    - community colleges
    - distant learning 
    - lifelong learning
    - open education
    - citizenship education
  - Hong Kong:
    - community colleges
    - distant learning 
    - lifelong learning
    - open education
    - citizenship education
  - New York:
    - community colleges
    - distant learning 
    - lifelong learning
    - open education
    - citizenship education