educational equality educational fairness educational attainment years of schooling student-teacher ratio educational quality literacy enrollment rate educational access low-income family high-income family urban residents rural residents household registration system tuition fee school fees arbitrary fees education quality urban-rural education divide educational system public school private school budget allocation educational investment infrastructure administration examination ranking evaluation key schools average schools Hope Primary School educational resource goal of education socialism goal of education communism goal of education nation goal of education development economy elite Confucianism technology gap goal of education student curriculum objective of education cultivate employment schooling degree diploma qualification credential collectivism individualism economy development gap affluent areas developed regions instruction materials school facilities length of schooling economic development quality of life education index human development index urbanization employment opportunities higher wages rural migrants migrant laborers population density economic resources educational reform educational policy expansion of access promotion of quality education quality improvement new education needs and trends five-year plan/ five-year guidelines school-age population scale expansion standards strategies educational reform evaluation educational reform assessment exam Description of Chinese students creativity character imagination passive-learning rote-learning learning style examination-oriented study mode burden of students self-confidence exam-oriented competition academic performance self-development independent learning critical thinking study time cram school tutoring session homework ability strength weakness parents’ expectation pressure mental health peer relation hardworking Teacher number student-teacher ratio Teacher educational background Teacher age Teacher salary Teacher compensation Teacher city Teacher urban countryside Teacher rural Teacher mobility Teacher evaluation Teacher perception Teacher pressure Teacher transform Teacher development Curriculum school-based curriculum STEM Curriculum art Curriculum humanity Curriculum social studies Curriculum culture Curriculum tradition Curriculum internationalization Curriculum Curriculum content Curriculum object Curriculum goal Curriculum design Curriculum provision Curriculum evaluate Curriculum principle Curriculum uniformity Curriculum diversity Curriculum flexibility Curriculum structure Curriculum ability Curriculum basic knowledge exam results enrolment rate evaluation indicator educational objectives evaluation system value orientation condition quality of teachers development curriculum teachers' development school management teacher centered students centered structure of teachers teachers key teachers class hour class period textbook teaching facilities teaching methods teaching site tutoring second classroom homework assignment preschool education public school preschool education private school preschool education kindergartens preschool education safety preschool education student health preschool education teaching quality preschool education school conditions (buildings and facilities) disciplinary knowledge preschool education teacher preschool education cram school preschool education tutoring session preschool education homework Compulsory education curriculum Compulsory education cram school Compulsory education tutoring session Compulsory education pedagogy Compulsory education teaching Compulsory education teaching study group Compulsory education elementary education Compulsory education secondary education Compulsory education teacher training Compulsory education teachers Compulsory education instructors Compulsory education area of residence Compulsory education public school Compulsory education private school Compulsory education Zhongkao Compulsory education learning Compulsory education textbook Compulsory education moral education Compulsory education neighbourhood attendance policy. Compulsory education school district housing Compulsory education inclusive education Compulsory education educational equity Compulsory education school bullying Compulsory education teacher-student relationship Compulsory education education for all-around development Compulsory education exam-oriented education Compulsory education homework junior secondary school senior secondary school Secondary education curriculum Secondary education cram school Secondary education tutoring session Secondary education teacher training Secondary education teachers Secondary education instructors Secondary education area of residence Secondary education public school Secondary education private school Zhongkao Secondary education Teaching Secondary education Learning Secondary education teaching credentials Secondary education digital teaching Gaokao National College Entrance Examination Secondary education pressure Secondary education burden Secondary education mental health Higher education university/universities country’s competitiveness tertiary education innovation government expenditures 211 project 985 project Double First Class University Plan massification of higher education expand enrollment research standards talents admission rate/ enrollment rates Gaokao National College Entrance Examination Higher education tier cutoff gaokao scores university quotas international mobility bachelor’s degree master’s degree doctoral degree autonomy national development and modernisation education financing financial aid for students student loan university specific examinations independent selection Strong Base Plan internationalization Vocational education technical training technical education technical training institutes education financing Gaokao eliminated Gaokao failure educational standard Adult education community colleges distant learning lifelong learning open education citizenship education